ऊर्ध्वमूलमधःशाखमश्वत्थं प्राहुरव्ययम् ।छन्दांसि यस्य पर्णानि यस्तं वेद स वेदवित् ॥
ūrdhvamūlamadhaḥśākhamaśvatthaṃ prāhuravyayam |chandāṃsi yasya parṇāni yastaṃ veda sa vedavit ||
They speak of an imperishable ashvattha tree, with its roots above and its branches below. The Vedic hymns are its leaves. One who knows this tree is a knower of the Vedas.
Explanation
Krishna begins a new teaching with the image of the ashvattha (peepal or fig) tree, standing for the world of repeated birth and death (saṃsāra). Its roots are above, in the highest source, and its branches spread below. The Vedic hymns (chandas) are its leaves, meaning they nourish and belong to this tree. 'Imperishable' (avyaya) can mean the tree is endless as a flow; some traditions stress that it lasts only as a process and is to be cut through by non-attachment, as the later verses say.